Android M运行时权限是个啥东西
啥是运行时权限呢?Android M对权限管理系统进行了改版,之前我们的App需要权限,只需在manifest中申明即可,用户安装后,一切申明的权限都可来去自如的使用。但是Android M把权限管理做了加强处理,在manifest申明了,在使用到相关功能时,还需重新授权方可使用。当然,不是所有权限都需重新授权,所以就把这些需要重新授权方可使用的权限称之为运行时权限。
运行时权限的影响
运行时权限的好处可以让用户使用时更有主动权,不会让app随便乱来。
但是受害最深的却是我们这些受苦受难的开发者,为何这么说呢?如果你的app的targetSdkVersion 是23也就是android 6.0的话,遇到运行时权限不去做代码处理的话,程序直接崩掉。所以,如果你的app没有在android 6.0上做足够的测试,请不要设置targetSdk为23,22以下就不会出现问题。
但是,作为开发者,我们还是必须要与时俱进的不是,而且以后的主流机型也必然是android M,怎么能不去适配他/她呢?继续往下看。
哪些是运行时权限
要先做好适配,那就必然要先了解哪些是运行时权限。
先看下哪些是不用特殊处理的权限,android称之为普通权限:参考链接:As of API level 23, the following permissions are classified as PROTECTION_NORMAL:android.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS
android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATEandroid.permission.ACCESS_NOTIFICATION_POLICYandroid.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATEandroid.permission.ACCESS_WIMAX_STATEandroid.permission.BLUETOOTHandroid.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMINandroid.permission.BROADCAST_STICKYandroid.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATEandroid.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATEandroid.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATEandroid.permission.CHANGE_WIMAX_STATEandroid.permission.DISABLE_KEYGUARDandroid.permission.EXPAND_STATUS_BARandroid.permission.FLASHLIGHTandroid.permission.GET_ACCOUNTSandroid.permission.GET_PACKAGE_SIZEandroid.permission.INTERNETandroid.permission.KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSESandroid.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGSandroid.permission.NFCandroid.permission.READ_SYNC_SETTINGSandroid.permission.READ_SYNC_STATSandroid.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETEDandroid.permission.REORDER_TASKSandroid.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGESandroid.permission.SET_TIME_ZONEandroid.permission.SET_WALLPAPERandroid.permission.SET_WALLPAPER_HINTSandroid.permission.SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_READandroid.permission.TRANSMIT_IRandroid.permission.USE_FINGERPRINTandroid.permission.VIBRATEandroid.permission.WAKE_LOCKandroid.permission.WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGScom.android.alarm.permission.SET_ALARMcom.android.launcher.permission.INSTALL_SHORTCUTcom.android.launcher.permission.UNINSTALL_SHORTCUT
再看下运行时权限,android称之为危险权限(google还对其分了组):
参考链接:同一组的任何一个权限被授权了,其他权限也自动被授权。例如,一旦WRITE_CONTACTS被授权了,app也有READ_CONTACTS和GET_ACCOUNTS了。
------------------------------ 关键部分来了---------------------------------------------
代码封装
目前对运行时权限,github上也有些代码封装库,但是都感觉用起来太麻烦,于是自己动手封装了下:
参考代码(google写的sample):封装代码如下:
在BaseActivity添加如下代码:
//**************** Android M Permission (Android 6.0权限控制代码封装) ***************************************************** private int permissionRequestCode = 88; private PermissionCallback permissionRunnable ; public interface PermissionCallback{ void hasPermission(); void noPermission(); } /** * Android M运行时权限请求封装 * @param permissionDes 权限描述 * @param runnable 请求权限回调 * @param permissions 请求的权限(数组类型),直接从Manifest中读取相应的值,比如Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS */ public void performCodeWithPermission(@NonNull String permissionDes,PermissionCallback runnable,@NonNull String... permissions){ if(permissions == null || permissions.length == 0)return; // this.permissionrequestCode = requestCode; this.permissionRunnable = runnable; if((Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M) || checkPermissionGranted(permissions)){ if(permissionRunnable!=null){ permissionRunnable.hasPermission(); permissionRunnable = null; } }else{ //permission has not been granted. requestPermission(permissionDes,permissionRequestCode,permissions); } } private boolean checkPermissionGranted(String[] permissions){ boolean flag = true; for(String p:permissions){ if(ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, p) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED){ flag = false; break; } } return flag; } private void requestPermission(String permissionDes,final int requestCode,final String[] permissions){ if(shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(permissions)){ // Provide an additional rationale to the user if the permission was not granted // and the user would benefit from additional context for the use of the permission. // For example, if the request has been denied previously. // Snackbar.make(getWindow().getDecorView(), requestName, // Snackbar.LENGTH_INDEFINITE) // .setAction(R.string.common_ok, new View.OnClickListener() { // @Override // public void onClick(View view) { // ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(BaseAppCompatActivity.this, // permissions, // requestCode); // } // }) // .show(); //如果用户之前拒绝过此权限,再提示一次准备授权相关权限 new AlertDialog.Builder(this) .setTitle("提示") .setMessage(permissionDes) .setPositiveButton(R.string.common_ok, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { @Override public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) { ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(BaseAppCompatActivity.this, permissions, requestCode); } }).show(); }else{ // Contact permissions have not been granted yet. Request them directly. ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(BaseAppCompatActivity.this, permissions, requestCode); } } private boolean shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(String[] permissions){ boolean flag = false; for(String p:permissions){ if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(this,p)){ flag = true; break; } } return flag; } /** * Callback received when a permissions request has been completed. */ @Override public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) { if(requestCode == permissionRequestCode){ if(verifyPermissions(grantResults)){ if(permissionRunnable!=null) { permissionRunnable.hasPermission(); permissionRunnable = null; } }else{ showToast("暂无权限执行相关操作!"); if(permissionRunnable!=null) { permissionRunnable.noPermission(); permissionRunnable = null; } } }else{ super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults); } } public boolean verifyPermissions(int[] grantResults) { // At least one result must be checked. if(grantResults.length < 1){ return false; } // Verify that each required permission has been granted, otherwise return false. for (int result : grantResults) { if (result != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { return false; } } return true; } //********************** END Android M Permission ****************************************
Tips:
1)BaseActivity要继承AppCompatActivity
2)support包使用尽量新的,我使用的是compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:23.0.1' 以防里面的ActivityCompat找不到相关类或方法。3)如果在Fragment中使用,直接在自己的BaseFragment写个方法调用此Activity的方法即可。
/** * Android M运行时权限请求封装 * @param permissionDes 权限描述 * @param runnable 请求权限回调 * @param permissions 请求的权限(数组类型),直接从Manifest中读取相应的值,比如Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS */ public void performCodeWithPermission(@NonNull String permissionDes,BaseAppCompatActivity.PermissionCallback runnable,@NonNull String... permissions){ if(getActivity()!=null && getActivity() instanceof BaseAppCompatActivity){ ((BaseAppCompatActivity) getActivity()).performCodeWithPermission(permissionDes,runnable,permissions); } }
一句代码使用:
比如,我们要请求相机:
performCodeWithPermission("XX App请求访问相机权限",new BaseAppCompatActivity.PermissionCallback() { @Override public void hasPermission() { //执行打开相机相关代码 } @Override public void noPermission() { } }, Manifest.permission.CAMERA, Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
写在最后
- 如果读者还是没有看过文章开头推荐的文章,建议先看一遍,有些知识和出现问题的场景此文没有细说,看完后对运行时权限会有更好的理解。
- 另外,如果本文有描述不对之处,还望大家多多指正,多谢!
===20160509更新========
checkSelfPermission检测权限失效问题
要改成如下的检测方案:
参考:public boolean selfPermissionGranted(String permission) { // For Android < Android M, self permissions are always granted. boolean result = true; if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) { if (targetSdkVersion >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) { // targetSdkVersion >= Android M, we can // use Context#checkSelfPermission result = context.checkSelfPermission(permission) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED; } else { // targetSdkVersion < Android M, we have to use PermissionChecker result = PermissionChecker.checkSelfPermission(context, permission) == PermissionChecker.PERMISSION_GRANTED; } } return result; }
获取target sdk的方法如下:
try { final PackageInfo info = context.getPackageManager().getPackageInfo( context.getPackageName(), 0); targetSdkVersion = info.applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion; } catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
官方解决方案 EasyPermissions
google自己出了一个解决方案,在github上叫easypermissions。
链接为: